Federal law enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government law authorization - Essay Example he study is to have the option to introduce the activities and upgrades in safety efforts that are finished by the various authorities that are accountable for the law implementation in the United States gathering for the most part in the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency. In the United States, it very well may be seen that the law requirement is reliant on the wards of the various gatherings that are answerable for actualizing the laws that can be characterized based on the region, the state and national concerns. In the examination attempted which is coordinated to the assault in the World Trade Center, being a national and worldwide concern, the significant law authorities of the US are placed into center and investigation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency are the principle bunches that are answerable for keeping the American land and the populace living in its domain protected and liberated from hurt explicitly fear based oppression. In case of such disaster, the adequacy of the activities and measures that are attempted to battle wrongdoings such law requirement bunches is being referred to. So far as that is concerned, an investigation on the activities embraced to improve the security executed is in need not exclusively to decide the productivity of the said gatherings yet to improve the certainty of the populace. The particular capacities and activities on the improvement of the said agencies are then the primary issue investigated in the examination. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is one of the most significant divisions in the US Federal Government with the fundamental strategic maintain the law and shield the individuals from various sorts of dangers. So far as that is concerned, it is considered as one of the principle dependable experts in the September 11 World Trade Center assault because of the communicated need of the said gathering to shield the United States from assaults of the psychological militants (â€Å"Quick Fact† FBI). In view of the examination

Employment System in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Merchant Joe’s is an American secretly held chain of markets established by Joe Coulombe. Broker Joe’s have been fruitful business for long time with their interesting imaginative system of selling characteristic and natural food items with just one brand of a thing for low cost. Their interesting society of loosened up sea shore condition and supportive learned representatives makes their client to remain faithful to the brand. 80% of Trader Joe’s has in-house items that separate them from contenders and difficult to impersonate. Merchant Joe’s target youthful taught individuals who need to eat well at low costs. They can truly extend their business by putting resources into promoting, online life, dedication card program and building parking structures and increase greater more extensive market section in food industry. This additionally will help them upper hand over their rivals as they will have strong brand picture and be fruitful over the long haul. SWOT Analysis The qualities of Trader Joe’s are selling natural and new basic food item at low costs, acquainting new items with their stores much of the time and offering inviting client care. Dealer Joe’s sell common and natural food at less expensive cost than its rivals. They purchase in mass one thing as opposed to purchasing part of comparable things, which gives them upper hand over different general stores. Broker Joe’s present 10-15 new items consistently and had unique season things and; consequently clients preferred difficult new things and were getting best item for as much time as stores had the items for. Merchant Joe’s representatives were learned, useful and cheerful, which caused them to discuss much better with clients and fabricate an enduring relationship. This helped in Trader Joe’s clients getting faithful to the organization. The shortcomings of Trader Joe’s are need web based life, low notice, and focusing on little market portion. Right off the bat, Trader Joe’s didn’t have any collaboration with media about the organization. What's more, they were not using the free internet based life apparatus and were not communicatingâ with their fans on Facebook or Twitter. They didn’t much publicize about the organization which is a shortcoming since this would hurt the business they can get by promoting since they were selling regular and natural items at low costs. In conclusion they focused on just littler group which would likewise influence that income as opposed to focusing on more extensive section of individuals. Since more individuals are graduating and getting instructed, Trader Joe’s can target them to get higher piece of the pie and by promoting they can pass on their objective to these informed individuals. In addition, they have chance to offer child related items as part of individuals purchase infant items when they are at basic food item shops. Danger to Trader Joe’s are that their clandestine private name products can be distinguished by contenders and can mimic. Other treat is that the organization can free it’s engage when they develop in light of the fact that they are not any more unique to clients. Porter’s Five Forces The danger of new passage is medium since Trader Joe’s isn't a store organization, so capital prerequisite is sensible. Getting great quality nourishment for less expensive cost is difficult to convey however it isn't unthinkable. In any case, brand name is hard to assembled that Trader Joe’s has done after such a significant number of years. The haggling intensity of providers is low as Trader Joe’s buy huge amounts of every thing in their store, which make the providers to give them most minimal cost. Besides, providers needed mystery from Trader Joe’s not revealing the low cost as the to other contender store providers were selling at significant expenses. In the event that the cost of a thing increments for providers, they can pass that on retailers in food industry. The haggling intensity of Buyers is high as clients have part of other supermarkets alternative to goto in the event that they thought costs at Trader Joe’s were high. Be that as it may, in Trader Joe’s case they were offering characteristic, solid and natural food things far less expensive than their rivals. So clients wereâ loyal to Trader Joe’s. The danger of substitute in food industry is medium since individuals can eat outside more frequently as opposed to cooking at home. Also, other brand of a thing may be increasingly affable by the clients over Trader Joe’s brand. The power of rivalry is high as Whole Food and Kroger are attempting emulate what Trader Joe’s are doing, and since they as of now have brand name accomplished, it isn't difficult to get their costs somewhere around haggling with providers and making their own image name natural food. Taking everything into account, the food and staple industry is appealing since more organizations are going towards normal and natural food. With right advertising strategies , great client assistance and quality items, it would be wise interest in this industry. Ecological Scan Merchant Joe’s socioeconomics are understudies, wellbeing cognizant, jobless educators, and most significant taught clients. Socio-Cultural condition shows that society is equipping towards progressively common and natural food and turning out to be wellbeing cognizant. More individuals are having natively constructed food from reserve funds point of view. World of politics show that FTC has fix guideline to keep serious condition. Additionally, due to Obama Care there is a few investment funds for individuals that makes basic food item items progressively moderate. Mechanical condition shows that there is more Point of Sales frameworks accessible with electronic rack marks and scanner. Also, self-checkout registers and publicizing through portable applications are getting progressively normal. Monetary condition factor shows that during financial downturn, in which I individuals will in general shop more at supermarkets. The gas costs has been low which gives extra cash to attempt new things at markets. Taking everything into account, condition examination recommend that individuals in the currentâ economy are getting additional pay that they can spend on food that are characteristic, natural and sound for them. With serious market, the pattern is moving towards sound and low value alternatives. From the SWOT, Porter’s Five Forces and Environment Analysis, I prescribe Trader Joe’s to expand showcasing and promoting their image considerably more, make additionally parking spot or upgrading outside of current stores, and giving clients motivators to keep them coming back to Trader Joe’s. Dealer Joe’s should begin utilizing internet based life apparatuses and utilize portable applications to connect with their fans and show they care about them. This requires less capital speculation and offer incredible approach to arrive at fans and building new clients. Dealer Joe’s should make extraordinary shopping experience by making their parking garage greater. They can assembled parking structures or decks to suit part of clients expanding income of the organization. Broker Joe’s should give clients motivations through dedication card program, and offer coupons on their site and versatile applications that can be added to clients unwaveringness cards to be effectively reclaimed. This will inspire clients to return to their stores and purchase more items, therefore expanding the organization deals and benefit.

Compounds Based on Port

Mixes Based on Port Mixes Based on Port Mixes Based on Port By Mark Nichol This post records and characterizes compound words in which the subsequent component is the word port, got from the Latin word portare, which means â€Å"carry.† Air terminal, garage, heliport, and seaport allude to areas where the vehicles and vessels inferred by the separate prefixes leave and return (and stay between employments). To apport (actually, â€Å"carry to†) is to move or produce something through heavenly methods, and an apport is something so moved. To comport (â€Å"carry with†) is to concur or to carry on. (Likewise with most yet not all words highlighting a prefix connected to port, the thing is framed by adding - ation.) Deport (â€Å"carry away†) for the most part alludes to ousting an individual to their nation of origin. Disport has a similar strict importance however by and large alludes to beguilement or redirection. Game is a truncation of disport that typically alludes to athletic exercises (initially occupied with for beguilement as a relief from one’s daily schedule). Game can mean â€Å"engage in sport,† yet as an action word it all the more frequently replaces wear in a decided sense (as in â€Å"He wore another tie†), however it is likewise an equivalent word for joke or criticism. As a thing, sport alludes to an athletic movement, and the plural structure means a few or every single such action all things considered. Game has additionally been utilized as an agreeable term for straightforwardly tending to a kid (as in the welcome â€Å"Hey, sport!†). The descriptive words donning, sportive, and energetic have particular meanings: Sporting methods â€Å"suitable for sport,† as a rule with regards to chasing hounds, or may allude to betting or to hazard; in a logical setting, it implies â€Å"tending to change freely.† (The verb-modifying structure is sportingly.) Sportive alludes to games, for the most part those directed on a field, however it might likewise have an undertone of â€Å"playful† or â€Å"wanton.† (The thing structure is sportiveness, and sportively is the verb-modifying structure.) Sporty relates to sports or individuals or things related with them (or to sports vehicles, so named in light of the fact that their plan and execution are motivated by race vehicles). Energy is the thing related with this term, and the word intensifying structure is sportily. Fare (â€Å"carry out†) and import (â€Å"carry in†) allude, as action words, things, and modifiers, to products brought into or convey from a nation available to be purchased somewhere else; with regards to PCs, the terms mean development of a document starting with one program then onto the next. Identification, the word for an archive that approves travel to one nation from another, got from the idea of having the option to pass, or addition passage to, a port when going by transport. By expansion, it additionally relates to authorization to head off to some place or something that empowers somebody to accomplish acknowledgment or passageway. To imply (â€Å"thoroughly carry†) is to guarantee, or to resemble something, regardless of whether legitimate or not; the word can likewise be an equivalent word of mean or reason. As a thing, indicate alludes to the significance or substance of something or to an understood or express importance. Compatibility (â€Å"carry back†) is a profound, understanding connection between two individuals. Acquired from French, in English it initially had a similar importance as report (â€Å"carry back†), which implies â€Å"make a recorded, spoken, or composed explanation or summary† or â€Å"present a record or announcement†; a report is such a message. A correspondent is a columnist who covers news (the demonstration of announcing is additionally called reportage), and a court journalist records procedures in hearings and preliminaries. To report for obligation is to appear at an assigned spot and time to do a duty, typically with regards to military assistance. To help (â€Å"carry under†) is to help with enthusiastic, budgetary, physical, or verbal help, to advocate or support, or to hold up a structure. Backing is additionally a thing depicting such help (supportance and supportation are two out of date varieties), and a supporter is someone or something that gives it. Transport (â€Å"carry across†) implies â€Å"convey from one spot to another,† however it additionally has the tasteful implication of feeling happy feeling, and truly it alludes to sending somebody to an abroad corrective settlement as discipline. Somebody who transports is a transporter. (The term has additionally been utilized in the Star Trek establishment to allude to a gadget that dematerializes and rematerializes matter to move it starting with one spot then onto the next.) Transport is additionally a thing relating to a vehicle or vessel that conveys individuals or potentially things, a surge of pleasurable feeling, or a convict sent to a correctional state. The demonstration of moving individuals or things, or a method of doing as such, is transport or transportation, and the nature of having the option to be moved is transportability; something that can be moved is transportable. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowHow Long Should a Paragraph Be?Affect versus Impact

AcidsBases essays

AcidsBases papers What substances transformed into Acids? Pour around three milliliters of your example in every one of three test tubes. Pour a similar sum on a watch glass. In the main test tube put in two drops of methyl orange and record the shading. In the subsequent test tube, put in two drops of bromothymol blue and record the shading. In the third test tube, include two drops of phenothalein and record the shading. Utilizing the watch glass test, contact the tips of a red and a blue litmus paper and record the hues. At that point contact the tip of a bit of pH Paper and record the shading and match the shading to the diagram and record the pH. Methyl O Bromothymol B Phenothalein R Litmus B Litmus pH Paper Color Congo R AA-orange/red yellow clear red pink(1) purple OJ-red/orange yellow yellow red pink Orange(4) purple HA-red yellow clear red red(2) purple Fade orange yellow clear red orange(4) purple Vinegar-red yellow clear red red(1) purple SH-orange blue red blue brown(12) orange Mouth wash-red yellow/green sky blue red red(1) purple Lemon J-red yellow clear red red(2) purple Windex-Orange blue clear red blue orange(6) red Plax-orange blue lilac red ... <!

Whole Food free essay sample

Entire Foods Market had advanced into the â€Å"world’s biggest retail chain of regular and natural nourishments general stores. † Their fast development and achievement is principally because of being exceptionally particular about what they sell, just as being committed quality norms and fundamental beliefs. Entire Food’s expressed statement of purpose was to â€Å"promote imperativeness and prosperity for all people by offering the best, least handled, most delightful regular and normally protected nourishments accessible. † The key open doors for Whole Foods include: expanding engaging quality of the wellbeing and natural food industry, development through securing, and upgrading their image picture and reliability through network administration. Entire Foods has just purchased its biggest rival, Wild Oats, which has demonstrated to be productive. By advancing natural nourishments Whole Foods can expand deals and draw in new clients by acquainting them with the Whole Foods experience. Entire Foods would profit by advancing itself as well as the business by and large. We will compose a custom article test on Entire Food or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Notwithstanding advancing natural nourishments, they could upgrade their image picture and dedication by proceeding with their locale administration endeavors. In the event that the business keeps on developing and they keep on achieving brand mindfulness and unwaveringness, Whole Foods could fortify its piece of the pie and benefit. ? The key dangers that Whole Foods faces include: nearby merchants expanding their natural food choices, the size of Whole Foods stores preventing clients, and the cost of natural nourishments. Nearby merchants might detract from Whole Foods deals by taking the clients that need to get in and get out. On the off chance that clients can get the natural nourishments they need at a littler supermarket, a few clients may change to them. This is the place the size of Whole Foods’ stores turns into a danger to themselves. On the off chance that they proceed to purchase and manufacture huge stores they might stop a portion of their buyers to the littler food merchants in the zone. Likewise what is a risk presently is the significant expense of natural nourishments. Buyers must compensation a premium for these things since they cost more to deliver. Entire Foods must keep the clients they have now steadfast or they could lose them to non-natural nourishments that are less expensive. The natural nourishments advertise is exceptionally alluring and proceeding to increment in appeal. Entire Foods holds a solid situation in the market and might situate themselves in a considerably more grounded and increasingly gainful position. Wellbeing and natural nourishments have gotten extremely famous and give no indications of easing back popular. The procedures by which natural nourishments are made will just turn out to be more affordable as new advances and proceeding with information on the business develop.

The Five Stages of Grief

The Five Stages of Grief Stress Management Effects on Health Print The Five Stages of Grief Learning about emotions after loss can help us heal By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 26, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 26, 2020 More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress In This Article Table of Contents Expand Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Types of Grief How to Help View All Back To Top When we lose a loved one, the pain we experience can feel unbearable. Understandably, grief is complicated and we sometimes wonder if the pain will ever end. We go through a variety of emotional experiences such as anger, confusion, and sadness. A theory developed by psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross suggests that we go through five distinct stages of grief after the loss of a loved one: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and finally acceptance.?? Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell? Denial The first stage in this theory, denial can help us to minimize the overwhelming pain of loss. As we process the reality of our loss, we are also trying to survive emotional pain. It can be hard to believe we have lost an important person in our lives, especially when we may have just spoken with this person the previous week or even the previous day. Our reality has shifted completely in this moment of loss. It can take our minds some time to adjust to this new reality. Denial is not only an attempt to pretend that the loss does not exist. We are also trying to absorb and understand what is happening. We are reflecting on experiences we have shared with the person we lost, and we might find ourselves wondering how to move forward in life without this person. This is a lot of information to explore and a lot of painful imagery to process. Denial attempts to slow this process down and take us through it one step at a time, rather than risk the potential of feeling overwhelmed by our emotions. Anger it is common for people to experience anger after the loss of a loved one. We are trying to adjust to a new reality and we are likely experiencing extreme emotional discomfort. There is so much to process that anger may feel like it allows us an emotional outlet. Keep in mind that anger does not require us to be very vulnerable. However, it tends to be more socially acceptable than admitting we are scared. Anger allows us to express emotion with less fear of judgment or rejection. Unfortunately, anger tends to be the first thing we feel when we start to release emotions related to loss. This can leave you feeling isolated in your experience and perceived as unapproachable by others in moments when we could benefit from comfort, connection, and reassurance. How Anger Can Affect Your Health Bargaining It is common when coping with loss to feel so desperate that you are willing to do almost anything to alleviate or minimize the pain. Losing a loved one can cause us to consider any way we can avoid the current pain or the pain we are anticipating from loss. There are many ways we may try to bargain. Bargaining can come in a variety of promises including: I promise to be better if you will let this person live.God, if you can heal this person I will turn my life around.Ill never get angry again if you can stop him/her from dying or leaving me. When bargaining starts to take place, we are often directing our requests to a higher power, or something bigger than we are that may be able to influence a different outcome. There is an acute awareness of our humanness in these moments when we realize there is nothing we can do to influence change or a better outcome. This feeling of helplessness can cause us to react in protest by bargaining, which gives us a perceived sense of control over something that feels so out of control. While bargaining we also tend to focus on our personal faults or regrets. We might look back at our interactions with the person we are losing and note all of the times we felt disconnected or may have caused them pain. It is common to recall times when we may have said things we did not mean, and wish we could go back and behave differently. We also tend to make the drastic assumption that if things had played out differently, we would not be in such an emotionally painful place in our lives. How to Cope with Negative Emotions Depression During our experience of processing grief, there comes a time when our imaginations calm down and we slowly start to look at the reality of our present situation. Bargaining no longer feels like an option and we are faced with what is happening. We start to feel more abundantly the loss of our loved one. As our panic begins to subside, the emotional fog begins to clear and the loss feels more present and unavoidable. In those moments, we tend to pull inward as the sadness grows. We might find ourselves retreating, being less sociable, and reaching out less to others about what we are going through. Although this is a very natural stage of grief, dealing with depression after the loss of a loved one can be extremely isolating. Acceptance When we come to a place of acceptance, it is not that we no longer feel the pain of loss. However, we are no longer resisting the reality of our situation, and we are not struggling to make it something different. Sadness and regret can still be present in this phase, but the emotional survival tactics of denial, bargaining, and anger are less likely to be present. Types of Grief As we consider the five stages of grief, it is important to note that people grieve differently and you may or may not go through each of these stages, or experience each of them in order. The lines of these stages are often blurredâ€"we may move from one stage to the other and possibly back again before fully moving into a new stage. In addition, there is no specific time period suggested for any of these stages. Someone may experience the stages fairly quickly, such as in a matter of weeks, where another person may take months or even years to move through to a place of acceptance. Whatever time it takes for you to move through these stages is perfectly normal. Your pain is unique to you, your relationship to the person you lost is unique, and the emotional processing can feel different to each person. It is acceptable for you to take the time you need and remove any expectation of how you should be performing as you process your grief. Additional Models Although the five stages of grief developed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is considered one of the most easily recognizable models of grief and bereavement, there are other models of grief to be noted as well.?? Each model or theory works to explain patterns of how grief can be perceived and processed. Researchers on grief and bereavement hope to use these models to provide understanding to those who are hurting over the loss of a loved one, as well as offer information that can help those in the healing professions provide effective care for those in need of informed guidance. The following are additional examples of theories related to grief. Attachment Theory and Grief Legendary psychologist John Bowlby focused his work on researching the emotional attachment between parent and child.?? From his perspective, these early experiences of attachment with important people in our lives, such as caregivers, help to shape our sense of safety, security, and connections. British psychiatrist Colin Murray Parkes developed a model of grief based on Bowlbys theory of attachment, suggesting there are four phases of mourning when experiencing the loss of a loved one:?? Shock and Numbness. Loss in this phase feels impossible to accept. Most closely related to Kübler-Rosss stage of denial, we are overwhelmed when trying to cope with our emotions. Parkes suggests that there is physical distress  experienced in this phase as well, which can lead to somatic (physical) symptoms.Yearning and Searching. As we process loss in this phase, we may begin to look for comfort to fill the void our loved  one has left. We may try to do so by reliving memories through pictures and by looking for signs from the person to feel connected to them. In this phase, we become very preoccupied with the person we have lost.Despair and Disorganization. We may find ourselves questioning and feeling angry in this phase. The realization that our loved one is not returning feels real, and we can have a difficult time understanding or finding hope in our future. We may feel a bit aimless in this phase and find that we retreat from others as we process our pain.Reorganization and R ecovery. As we move into this phase, our life feels more hopeful. We may begin to feel like our hearts and minds can be restored. As with Kübler-Rosss acceptance stage, this phase of reorganization and recovery does not mean that we will not still feel sadness or longing for our loved one. However, this phase offers us a place of healing and reconnecting with important people in our lives for support. We find small ways to reestablish a sense of normalcy in our lives on a daily basis. How to Help Avoid Rescuing or Fixing It can be so difficult to know what to say to someone who has experienced loss. We do our best to offer comfort, but sometimes our best efforts can feel inadequate and unhelpful. One thing to remember is that the person who is grieving does not need to be fixed. In our attempts to be helpful, we tend to try to rescue people from their pain so they will feel better. We provide uplifting, hopeful comments or even try to offer them humor to help ease their pain. Although the intention is positive, this approach can leave people feeling as if their pain is not seen, heard, or valid. Dont Force It Another method people often use that tends to go wrong is forcing people to talk about their pain when they are not ready. We want so much to help and for the person to feel better, so we believe that nudging them to talk and process their emotions will help them faster. This is not necessarily true, and it can actually be an obstacle to their healing. Make Yourself Accessible One of the most helpful things we can do is to offer space for people to grieve. In doing this, we are letting the person know that we are available and accessible when they are ready to talk. We can invite them to talk with us, but remember to provide understanding and validation if they are not ready to talk just yet. At that point, you can remind them that you are available when they feel ready and not to hesitate to come to you. A Word From Verywell It is important to remember that everyone copes with loss differently. While you may find that you experience all five stages of grief, you may also find that it is difficult to classify your feelings into any one of the stages. Have patience with yourself and your feelings in dealing with loss. Allow yourself time to process all of your emotions, and when you are ready to speak about your experiences with loved ones or a healthcare professional, do so. If you are supporting someone who has lost a loved one, remember that you dont need to do anything specific, but allow them room to talk about it when they are ready. Making Life Decisions After Experiencing Loss

The Effect of the Drugs in Baseball - Free Essay Example

Following the investigations on Barry Bonds and Mark McGwire for the use of performance enhancing drugs, the ethics of how the media reports on alleged crimes committed by baseball players needs to be further explored. The majority of professional sports face the potential threat of their athletes using steroids, but Major League Baseball has become generally known for rampant steroid use across the league. How did this happen? Since 1988, steroids have found their way into baseball and while some of the most prominent players in the league have out right denied the use of performance enhancing drugs such as David Ortiz and Barry Bonds, a few have come out and claimed that the majority of the league is actually â€Å"juiced up†.. In 2012, relief pitcher Eric Gagne, said that â€Å"It was sufficient to ruin my health, tarnish my reputation and throw a shadow over the extraordinary performances of my career†¦ I was intimately aware of the clubhouse in which I lived. I would say that 80 percent of the Dodgers players were consuming them.† Jose Canseco, who played for the Oakland Athletics at the time, wrote in his book, Juiced, that he and McGwire would apply steroids via a syringe through the buttocks. Because of how some players in recent history have tried to save face after having their careers tarnished from PED accusations, it has led many fans within the sport and beyond to believe it’s a very casual performance for a major league ball-player. After legendary seasons by players like McGwire, Bonds, Sammy Sosa, and Jason Giambi, baseball reached a new high in viewership nationwide. The game also saw a transition from the classic style of good defense and aggressive baserunning to how many players in the lineup can drive the ball over the fence. By 2002, a lot of the mystery surrounding the transition came out when the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) came under fire for providing anabolic steroids to many high profile baseball players. According to Dan Deluliis, â€Å"Out of 1,438 survey tests administered, MLB commissioner Bud Selig announced that five to seven percent of these tests were positive, a total of 104 positive tests. The names linked to these 104 positive tests were leaked to the media, most recently in February 2009. The names included the New York Yankees’ Alex Rodriguez, former player Sammy Sosa, the Boston Red Sox David Ortiz and Los Angeles Dodgers’ Manny Ramirez.† It has been discovered that Selig, as the commissioner of MLB, felt the need to get steroids out of the sport, no matter what the fans may otherwise prefer. Selig has never considered other disputes from fans such as time-clocks and a limited amount of pitcher-mount visits. But when it comes to performance enhancing drugs and home-runs, there really was no opportunity for him to budge. This is precisely why Selig began to enforce such a harsh drug-testing regimen. This actually also had an impact on other profession al American sports leagues, such as the National Football League. In the current climate, the NFL has the credentials to test any player as much as 10 times per month for any substance even beyond performance enhancement. Victor Conte is the main producer of BALCO as a sporting supplement organization that became truly involved with professionally organized sports in 1996. From this, several high profile baseball players were discovered to have taken PED’s. This organization was then investigated by former United States Senator, George J. Mitchell, in what has become famously known as The Mitchell Report. High-status players like Roger Clemens, Miguel Tejada, Rafael Palmero, and Mark McGwire were called to testify in front of Congress for their use of PED’s. This was a major story on ESPN and while the network was lambasting these players for their actions, they would not at any capacity clarify that this is still an ongoing issue. Of course, no one wants baseball players to rely on steroids which in turn encourages high school and college athletes to partake as well. However, in this dark era of MLB, more than half of players were taking PED’s. The difference is that only the mos t powerful of performers were the one’s being investigated and targeted by the media. The Mitchell Report is a 409 page report that investigated all athletes in MLB that were accused of using PED’s in the league. This is a concern because the player’s association actually did not consent to having the information evolved from the investigation exposed to the public. At a certain point, it becomes clear that players actions, no matter how heinous they may be, are not in any capacity able to be kept confidential. At this time, it wasn’t clear what kind of steroids or performance enhancing drugs were illegal, so it’s reasonable to assume that these players were doing what they could to keep their positions. It is an unfortunate reality that when these baseball players were put in front of congress and became a top story for ESPN for several weeks, that the general public questioned the legitimacy of Major League Baseball. Once it became known through media that the majority of professional players were using steroids, players became analyzed in an unfairly fashion just because they performed better than they had in previous years. The main issue lies within the power that sports media has ethically when covering athletes. Sure, they have a huge responsibility to identify and call out actions that are unordinary and potentially harmful by athletes that can detriment the sport. However, to use that leverage of analyzer to accuse players across the board about who may be doing what is a slanderous act against all athletes. When players who dedicate their lives to their craft and to be blindly accused by network analysts for taking performance enhancing drugs does have a certain effect on t hat specific player’s reputation throughout the public.

The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology Essay

The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. Dogs have a natural reflex response to salivate when they see food, Pavlov rang a bell when the dogs were given food and after several repetitions of this†¦show more content†¦The Behaviorist approach limits the content of Psychological study to be only observable behavior. Behaviorists make the assumption that nearly all behaviors are caused by learned relationships between a Stimulus that excites the senses and a Response, which is the reaction to the Stimulus, for example a child might see a Spider (Stimulus) and be frightened (Response to seeing the Stimulus). In contrast Cognitive Psychologists have criticized the Stimulus, Response theory for not considering the mental processes that occur between the Stimulus and Response, for example going back to the situation of a child seeing a Spider and being frightened, the Cognitive approach would say that to understand why the person who saw the Spider reacted in a frightened manner, we need to understand what the mediating Cognition was, it could be that the child has some memories on a parent or other person seeing a spider and behaving in a frightened way. Behaviorists believe that since very little behavior in human beings is inherited, the focus is on the role of experience, which is expressed through learning. It is easy toShow MoreRelatedBiological Psychology : The Brain And Nervous System Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages1. Biological psychology, of biopsychology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes in terms of bodily mechanisms. The view that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Biological psychology is a hopeful domain, one that has much to offer in terms of improving the quality of life of the healthy as well as those suffering from disorders. It also contributed importantRead MoreSnapshot1702 Words   |  7 Pagesnot the content of his theories but his clinical innovations, such as the method of free association and a clinical interest in dreams. Freud had a significant influence on Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, whose analytical psychology became an alternative form of depth psychology. Other well-known psychoanalytic thinkers of the mid-twentieth century included Sigmund Freuds daughter, psychoanalyst Anna Freud; German-American psychologist Erik Erickson, Austrian-British psychoanalyst Melanie Klein,Read MoreEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1105 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Evolution of Cognitive Psychology PSYCH 560 Latrice T. Colbert Julie Bruno, Psy.D September 6, 2010 Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving. Not only is cognitive psychology central to everything a person does in his or her everyday life, it is also central to psychology’s quest to understand how peopleRead MoreApproaches Of Psychology And Psychology1465 Words   |  6 Pages Approaches of psychology essay Fray Brittany Mr. Perez Psych Pd.7 11 Sept. 2015 Word Count: 1,449 Psychology is a very complex thing to understand to make it easier it is split up. There are different ways to interpret the big picture in psychology it makes senses for people to do so. There are five approaches to psychology and they are Cognitive, Behavioral, Biological, Humanistic, and Psychodynamic. All of these approaches are different from one another but can sometimes be used together toRead MoreCognitive Psychology Definition Paper1387 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology Definition Paper Randy Strickland University of Phoenix PSY/360 Dione Johnson July 111, 2011 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Introduction Cognition is the â€Å"science† term for the process of thought.† Its usage varies in different ways in accordance with different disciplines: For example, in psychology and cognitive science, it refers to an information processing view of an individuals psychological makeup. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitiveRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Personality1039 Words   |  5 Pagespoint in life, at a young age or as a resident in an elderly home, the question of who am I will arise. It is a convoluted mesh of thoughts and feelings that a person will go through before coming up with an answer. Some people may even experience cognitive dissonance in trying to explain different stages of life, while others will be comfortable in responding instantaneously with minimal cognition. In going through this process and drawing up the ‘who am I’ and individual is further confronted withRead MoreEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1054 Wor ds   |  5 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is defined as â€Å"the scientific study of mental processes† (Riegler Riegler 2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of â€Å"how internal states, such as thoughts, feelings, and moods influence behavior† (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human developmentRead MoreLearning Theories : Theory Of Behaviorism1037 Words   |  5 Pagesresponse to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. Edward Thorndike did research in animal behavior before becoming interested in human psychology. He set out to apply the methods of exact science to educational problems by emphasizing accura te quantitative treatment of information. Anything that exists, existsRead MoreTheories of Personality Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagespoint in life, at a young age or as a resident in an elderly home, the question of who am I will arise. It is a convoluted mesh of thoughts and feelings that a person will go through before coming up with an answer. Some people may even experience cognitive dissonance in trying to explain different stages of life, while others will be comfortable in responding instantaneously with minimal cognition. In going through this process and drawing up the ‘who am I’ and individual is further confronted withRead MoreCognitive Psychology Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognit ive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of cognition

Abstract. The Packaging Process At Ninkasi Brewery Adds

Abstract The packaging process at Ninkasi Brewery adds value to their end result that is delivering their best quality craft brews. Processes are key elements to a business’s ability to create and distribute products that will meet the needs of their target market; therefore the need for industries to analyze specific processes within their organizations is significant. This paper is an outline of understanding Ninkasi’s packaging and bottling process and how the brewery can apply quantitative and qualitative tools to potentially reduce defects in this specific process. Ninkasi Brewing Company: The Packaging Process Organization Description The organization I have chosen to analyze is Ninkasi Brewing Company. â€Å"Back in 2005, neither†¦show more content†¦Secondly, Ninkasi is extremely community oriented and has a program known as â€Å"Beer is Love,† which supports non-profit doing work in five core categories: women, equality, recreation, the environment, and arts and music. Lastly, I appreciate the company’s goal to perpetuate better living and their continued efforts to adopt more sustainable practices throughout the brewery. Overall, the company has several valuable traits and I look forward to digging deeper and gaining new knowledge about the company’s operations. Operation Description The operation in which I plan to explore is Ninkasi’s packaging process. I specifically plan to analyze the brewery’s bottling line and the brewery’s recent encounters for defects in their packaging process such as; low fills, crooked labels, chipped, or broken bottles, and equipment shut downs. First I will discuss how these problems can be identified. Second, I will apply quantitative tools to the problems. Third, I will provide insights into how Ninkasi may use these tools to potentially reduce defects in their packaging line. The Bottling Line Ninkasi’s bottling line is capable of producing both 22 oz. and 12 oz. bottles and can package 22 oz. bottles at a rate of 150 bottles per minute, and 12 oz. bottles at a rate of 250 bottles per minute. First, the machine takes empty bottles and runs them through a rinser cleaning them inside and out to ensure they are sent to the filler sanitized. Once the bottles are

Life of a Mullato Essay examples - 1054 Words

Life of a Mullato In Society, there has been one common way through which an individual can differentiate himself and that is race/color. Consequently, once a persons color is determined, it seems a class structure is established, a structure that not only describes the individuals social, political, but also their economic standards. Throughout most of nineteenth century literature that we have read its apparent, the class structure consisted of whites and blacks. Much of the literary works of the time stressed that to be black meant being despised and discriminated against by the white population. Moreover, the literature such as Our Nig portrayed whites as domineering and superior as they essentially controlled many black†¦show more content†¦After a thorough analysis of the racial identity of a mulatto, and a look at the lives of mulatto characters in works by Charles W. Chesnutt, Harriet Wilson and Wallace Thurman an understanding of what it means to be mulatto can be realized. In t he works we discussed, a mulatto was usually the offspring of a black woman and a white man; however, the key to comprehending the racial identity of a mulatto is much more deeper. A mulatto is constantly faced with the difficult task of struggling between two races that in the past have been in conflict with each other. In addition, they are faced with mixed feelings from the fellow pure bread black members. For example, in Blacker the Berry, Emma character, a mulatto encounter constant resentment and possible envy by not only blacks because of her lighter skin tone, but also from white peers. Even in present society, this is a reality of which many non-blacks are unaware, and which most blacks would prefer to overlook, rather than resolve. It was these revelations that authors like Chesnutt, Wilson, and Thurman attempted to bring insight on. Charles W. Chesnutt was born in Cleveland in 1858, to free parents of mixed racial heritage, and raised in Fayetteville, N.C. His youth in North Carolina as a mulatto was very influential in most of his works. Chesnutt absorbed the dialects and folktalesShow MoreRelatedThe Design Of Machines And The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1574 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery and the design of machines, to work for him. Despite the intentions Man had, such institutions have led to the destruction of humanity on earth. Referencing the texts R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by Karel ÄÅ'apek and The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, this essay postulates that the design of machines and the use of slavery have led to the overall destruction of humanity. Though it is important to identify that critics may argue that such institutionsRead MoreBooker T Washington Report1958 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican American community. His titles that he wore ranged anywhere from a teacher to a survivalist. Whichever he was called he made a change. Born into slavery Booker Taliaferro Washingt on was what they called a mullato. He was mixed he didn’t know his white father and his mother was mullato a slave on a plantation. He worked an s a servant in his child hood; he was born in 1856 so he lived through the civil war. Booker T. worked in coal mines in West Virginia, and then he heard about a school forRead MoreChanges in Latin America and East Asia during 1450 - Present Period1021 Words   |  4 Pagesindustries, such as tobacco and sugar. - Many Asians (Chinese and Indians) came as indentured servants to Spanish/Portuguese colonies to provide labor for sugar plantations starting from the 1830s. - The races of Mestizos (European and indigenous) and Mullatos (European and African) were created from interactions and had their own status and privileges Harish Chander When examining the change and continuity of demography in East Asia during the time period 1450-present, some things changed andRead MoreAnalysis Of Our Nig By Harriet E. Wilson1811 Words   |  8 Pagesnarrator from a young, beautiful mullato girl into an emotionally and physically crippled woman highlights the horrors of the society towards women but increases the pain because they are inflicted by other women. Harriet E. Wilson tells her story of the oppressions she suffers when she lived at a family house in the North of the US, where she undergoes violence and denigration. I mention in the North here to remove the assumption of slavery. She was a free mullato girl born of a white mother andRead MorePower Structure During The Era Of Slavery Essay2305 Words   |  10 Pages[the] ceaseless replication of the system„s violence did African sellers and European buyers render captives†¦ human commodities to market†. Over the period of time, the black body made a societal process that paralleled the importance of human life structure together with market importance. The moment these strategy crossed over the simple daily basis process, to a strong rigid structural institution of burdensome was the time that the Africans became marketed for later future use in slaveryRead MoreEssay On Salsa1201 Words   |  5 Pagesto a free mixing of the Europeans, Africans, and the Americans races. The mixture leads to a widespread racial syncretism that in turn leads to a racial discrimination among people. Several terms were used for discriminatory purposes for example ‘mullato’ meaning a small mull, ‘creole’ which meant that a person was raised by the master of the house, and ‘morisco’ which meant a person whose ancestry is one-quarter black. Many of these terms can be offensive to the modern sensibilities. The terms haveRead MoreThe Culture of Slavery in Walter Johnsons Book, Soul by Soul1063 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they could not learn the tasks their masters set out before them. (Johnson p. 210) Other slaves would mutilate their bodies to make themselves less saleable, some mothers would kill their own children so that they did not have to live life as a slave. (Johnson, p11) Others who had gained their freedom were sold back into slavery just because of their color such as Solomon Northup. ( Johnson, p. 80) Living as a piece of property was cruel, hard and futile. SlaveholdersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Evolution Of Grant 1266 Words   |  6 Pagesthat he abandoned religion. This is the void that is filled with the new-found joy. Though he realizes that Jefferson is ready to change in life, and has, in fact, changed to some extent, he starts to see that he can help his friend achieve better outcomes. That notwithstanding, when hanging out at the Rainbow Club, he is involved in a fight with the Mullatos. He does this since he does not comprehend that hatred has not gone away and not all persons would like the idea of Jefferson being transformedRead MoreA Study Of Latin American History1308 Words   |  6 Pageslively in countries such as Dominican Republic and Brazil where there are large African origins. There are many studies on race in Caribbean history as race has played an important role in historical narratives there as well as affected all aspects of life. There is much literature on this subject however, it is important to know that this is partly due to race being a central theme in sociological and anthropological studies. Another common trend we find in Latin American history narratives about raceRead MoreLiterature During The Harlem Renaissance1678 Words   |  7 Pagesuplift and mobility. Unfortunately, her passing put her in a dangerous situation, and the need to maintain her ‘white’ identity became a matter of life and death. This often became the case â€Å"in a time in American history when it could be dangerous to be black, and especially dangerous to be black in a white neighborhood, or white establishment, mullatos were acutely aware of the option to swing in the direction which would provide them with upward social mobility†. This need for sur vival overshadowed

Organizational Justice Impact Employee Job Commitment,...

Organizational justice is a concept that represents how fair employees feel they are being treated by their employer. This encompasses distributive justice, perceptions around outcomes such as pay and promotions, and procedural justice, how these outcomes are determined. Why is this important? An organization’s culture is defined by it. Organizational justice impacts employee job commitment, satisfaction, and performance. Employees perceptions of fairness will impact how successful a company is in their market. (Patrick, 2012) (Kreitner Kinicki, 2013) The concept of organizational justice was birthed out of equity theory. Pioneered by the psychologist John Stacey Adams, the theory holds that â€Å"motivation is a function of fairness in†¦show more content†¦As it sounds, pay transparency reflects on organizations decision to be open about the salary of each employee/position. In his Ted Talk, David Burkus (2016) challenges the traditional practice of secrecy around salaries. For Burkus (2016), pay transparency is the biggest way to combat inequity and pay discrimination. â€Å"Being open and transparent about how we compensate our team breeds trust amongst all people involved,† says Leo Widrich, CMO at Buffer (Baer, 2014). Buffer is a tech company focused on products and services to help organizations maximize their social media campaigns. Buffer publicly disclosed their salary formula and every employee is aware of what everyone makes, all the way up to the CEO. They consider the move to pay transparency as an â €Å"ethical imperative† and competitive advantage, highlighting their growth, profit, and company culture as proof. (Widrich, 2013) Is pay transparency the answer to problems of inequity in the workplace? The results at Buffer seem to point in that direction. However, larger organizations such as Google don’t seem to embrace the idea of pay transparency. An informal initiative internally publishing salaries, led by a Google engineer, was less than welcomed resulting in the denial of the engineer’s bonuses. (Weinberger, 2015) Professor of Strategy and Strategic Leadership, Todd Zenger (2016) encourages organizations to count the cost. According to Zenger, organizations should consider if payShow MoreRelatedJob Dissatisfaction Is A Result Of Turnover Intention Among Nashua City Employees852 Words   |  4 Pages Job Dissatisfaction is a Result of Employee Turnover Intention among Nashua City Employees The topic of my study is ‘Job dissatisfaction is a result of turnover intention among Nashua City employees.’ My study is significant because it will look at some issues that are negatively impacting non-management employees in the Works Division of the City of Nashua, resulting in poor performance. Although turnover intention is cited as one of the many factors associated with job dissatisfactionRead MoreProcedural Justice And Job Satisfaction Of Nursing Employees1523 Words   |  7 Pages outcome. According to the write-up, â€Å"procedural justice and job satisfaction of nursing employees are positively and significantly related to their innovative behavior† (Xerri, 2014, p.4), and â€Å"interactional justice directly affects job satisfaction and indirectly affects innovative behavior through job satisfaction† (Xerri, 2014, p.4). In other words, an organization that engages in practical apprehensions reaps perfected job satisfaction, which in turn has a bearing on workplace attitudes. ToRead MoreWhat Is Organisational Commitment And Why It Is Important?1240 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisational commitment and why it is important? The adopted definition for this study corresponds with definitions by Meyer and Allen (1991, p 67) (Allen, 1991)mentioned above. According to this definition organisational commitment â€Å"is a psychological state that characterises the employee’s relationship with the organisation, and has implications for the decision to continue membership in the organisation†. The second characteristic that is used to describe the concept organisational commitment is behaviourRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Leadership1275 Words   |  6 Pagesexecutive officers’ ethical leadership, organizational ethical culture, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the results indicate a positive influence of ethical leadership on organizational ethical culture and CSR. Neves and Story (2015) sampled 224 workers across 18 organizations to determine the impact of ethical leadership on organizational commitment and determined ethical leadership positively affected worker commitment and decreased organizational deviance. Demirtas and Akdogan (2015)Read MoreOrganizational Behavior That Affect The Organization And Employee Performance1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe University Author’s Note â€Æ' Executive Summary The current report focuses on the organizational behaviour that affect the organization and employee performance. Organizational behaviour is one of the segments existing in the business process, which is certain to change. It can be added that study of organizational behaviour relates to the desired behaviour of an individual in the organization. Organizational behaviour consists of people, approach, technology, work culture and other significantRead MoreVinay Chaitanya (2014) Contended That Most Workers Need1568 Words   |  7 Pagesobligations to the best of their capacity and creation numbers increment. therefore, Employee motivation has dependably been a focal issue for leaders and manager. Unmotivated employees are probably going to spend practically no exertion in their employments, stay away from the work environment however much as could be expected, leave the organization if given the open door and deliver low quality work. Then again, employee who feel inspired to work a re probably going to be steady, imaginative and beneficialRead MoreThe Role of Perceived Organizational Support and Supportive Human Resource Practices on Hourly (Non-Exempt) Retail Hr Employee Satisfaction and Loyalty.1348 Words   |  6 PagesVandenberghe). The role of Perceived Organizational Support and Supportive Human Resource Practices of hourly (non-exempt) retail HR employees may be related to low employee satisfaction and loyalty. The inferences of this study for HR practice leaders and their organizations are significant because a lack of perceived organizational support, may lead to poor employee satisfaction and loyalty, thereby adding costly affects of negative employee morale and turnover. Employee turnover represents a practicalRead MoreThe Evolution Of Leadership And Organizational Impact1161 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership History: The Evolution of Leadership and Organizational Impact Keywords: Leader, leadership, organizational impact, organizational performance Introduction The common denominator, according to Stone and Patterson (2005), shared by biblical patriots, Greek heroes Egyptian rulers is leadership; regardless of its influence, their lessons and philosophies continue to contribute to leadership today. This paper will present the definition of leadership that provides a framework for exploringRead MoreImpact of Acquisition on Employees Performance: A case Study of RBS818 Words   |  4 Pagesabout their jobs, if the employees feel satisfied they perform their duties efficiently and when acquired firm’s employee performed best it directly affect the acquired firm’s performance. Motivation is very necessary in any field when an employee get motivated they perform their duty with the best of their knowledge and try to work hard. According to different researcher there are many factors that could bring change and affect the organizational performance one of them is job satisfaction of the employeesRead MoreA Study on Employee Attitu de and Leadership Behaviour5259 Words   |  22 PagesResearch titled namely â€Å"A Study on Employee attitude Leadership Style† is a research study conducted among various managers in different functional areas in Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. In this research study, the researcher has made an attempt to identify the various styles followed by leaders due to different behavior among employees. The study mainly focus on the various attitudes of employee’s in different groups and its impact of the performance if individual, group or team

Personal Statment Free Essays

Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? I have been playing keyboard for about five years, which I really enjoy, I got my keyboard lessons from Melody International School of Music. My music school has recitals each year for it’s students show what they have learned over the year. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Statment or any similar topic only for you Order Now After attending the music school for about two years, my Instructor told me that I was dead for my first recital, which I was really exited for, since I started attending the music school I have always wanted to perform on a stage and have an audience to Impress. But I didn’t know the preparation for the recital and the recital Itself would teach me a great life long lesson that I would need In life. It was December when my Instructor told me we were going to have our recital In about three months. He also told me that it was going to be a â€Å"bit† hard for me because I had to perform with al the students, at first I thought to myself he was just joking until he handed me a pile of paper, which were the notes of the songs the students choose to perform at the recital. At last he added I had three months to practice all one hundred and thirteen songs and to master them better than the performer, at that moment I felt so much pressure on myself, and so stressed out like the recital was tomorrow and I wasn’t ready. I did what every person would do, panic because this was my first recital, and I had to perform on stage for two hours. But I had no choice I got to work, I practiced everyday for more than two hours each day and in addition to that I had to go to music studios every Sunday to practice with all of the students. There where days that I Just gave up on myself and I felt like I sucked but I still kept practicing, with in a month I saw progress, I could play the notes very well but still need to work on it but most importantly I didn’t feel so bad about myself and there was less pressure on me. The three months passed so quick I felt I was sleep the whole time but I had been racketing and I had mastered all of the songs and I was ready to impress my audience. The recital was on March second, all of the students had to dress nice and professional, I wore a white shirt with black pants and black shoes. As my dad was driving me to the auditorium I felt so calm and relaxed because I knew that I was ready and I believe in myself and so did my Instructor. The guests started arriving slowly and by like thirty minutes the auditorium was full of people and the host stepped on to the stage and welcomed the guest and Introduced the Instructors and old to the audience that he wanted to Introduce a special person and at that moment I heard footsteps that were coming toward me and turned back and saw It was my Instructor witch came and grabbed me on my arm and told me to stand up and all of a sudden I heard my name over the speakers and he pulled me on to the stage and Introduced me to the audience and gave me a trophy, as the most valued musician at Melody International School of Music. I felt it was a dream, I could believe for her sit. The recital started and I was in a very good mood I performed very well ring the first session of the recital and the one half was remaining but I wasn’t worried about it. After the second half ended they handed each student a trophy and the host finished the program. When everything was finished I felt so blessed that everything went so smooth, and felt the pressure was off me when I got it the day my instructor told me about everything about the recital. Everyone was so proud of me, my parents, my instructor, my family member, even some of the audience member congratulated me, and my family and that’s was where I know I made my audience impressed. How to cite Personal Statment, Papers

Group Discussions Higher Learning Institutions

Question: Discuss about theGroup Discussionsfor Higher Learning Institutions.. Answer: Introduction Higher Learning institutions have a wide variety of methods that can be used to determine the level of productivity of each and every student. One of these ways is group discussions. As much as group discussion may have proven to be beneficial, time conscious and more resourceful in the past, modern students may have a contrasting opinion regarding the same (Burns, 2014 p. 34). Reasons such as the potential of reducing the students attitude and self-belief in great performances are just but a few of some of the quoted facts. This study provides further details. Major Body To begin with, it has been proved that one of the major challenges facing the student fraternity as far as group works are concerned is the fact that at one point in time, students may encounter negative experiences in their respective groups and this may end up affecting their future expectations and obligation of great performance. The worst feeling that could catch up with a student is the fact that he feels that he is the reason of his poor performance in school. In most cases, students hate failing but if they fail, they would rather have it blamed on someone else (Burns, 2014 p. 34). Second to note, there are particular topics and sub topics that even when discussed by students, do not outline the requirements and objectives of the learning course. In other words, students would prefer thematic discussions rather than open ended ones as this may end up sending them on a whole new wrong turn of achieving success. Additionally, there are specific topics in all the learning course s that have short and concise facts that when given the opportunity to discuss among students, will more likely achieve the same results that would have been achieved through personal works. (Burke, 2013 p.56). Reliable sources of information reveal the fact that no matter the direction of the group discussions, the value of the teacher is still as invaluable as it were in normal theoretical classes. In reality, this is a poor approach to tackling education studies in the sense that it is out to exhaust the capabilities of students without paying attention to their respective growth and development processes. Additionally, students feel that teachers may have taken a safer approach to this matter by making group work a unidirectional objective rather than a multi-dimensional idea. Diversification of learning objectives would do a great justice here (Burke, 2013 p.56). In addition to the above, fourth to note is the fact that instructors have by far been attempting to rub into the mentality of students that group discussions are good for their growth and development in academic studies yet no one in particular has been able to say how. The fact that teachers are patronizing students gives th em the impression that instructors are all about satisfying their course objectives without considering the level of comprehension of different concepts (Hillyard, 2010 p. 38). It is only reasonable that if the instructors so much insist that group discussions are beneficial, they should simply share the knowledge with students. Away from the positive impacts of group discussions, it comes out clear that students may end up resenting group works due to unequal distribution of workloads among different groups (Kurtz, 2013 p. 34). In higher learning institutions, students that are bright enough end up getting in the company of each other while the slow learners are left to scramble and scratch for group mates. Instructors may decide to assign the bright students complex or task that may take longer to complete and assign the simple tasks to the slow learners. In a whole new perspective, a particular portion of students have the opinion that group discussions have a positive impact in easing the understanding of some of the complex topics of a particular course. Through sharing of information from the teachers to the students, it becomes obvious that chances of exchanging a wide collection of reliable concepts shoot a long way above the expected rate. Renowned sociologist and professor of Harvard University Dan iel Goleman has the opinion that learning is supposed to be dimensional process where the teacher as well as learners are open to taking ideas from each other so as to improve mastering of basic courses concepts. Back to the idea of attitude and positive progressive learning, research has proved that for a student to excel in his studies, he is obliged to establish the right type of mindset during all learning sessions as this will increase his chances of mastering the concepts ideally. In cases where the students have no idea what the learning objectives might be, the capability of fostering a great positive mindset goes lower. To be able to secure a constant positive mentality, it takes the power of the personal belief of the student to trust that there is more to success other than just the success of studies. During group discussions, other lazy students would like to leave all the researching activities to hardworking students. In the long run, the group ends up being dysfunctional owing to the fact that there are specific stakeholders that are not contended with the services that the lazy and ghost participants of the organization might be offering (Olson, 2015 p. 34). In such a case, i t is without doubt that the quality of the outcome that the group will present by the end of the discussion session would be totally sub-standard. This would be a negative way to end the learning period. As far as the management of the assigned work goes, at isolated occasions the instructor might be out of the picture either legitimately or for whichever reason but the bottom line still remains that in his absence, the student leader or representative will be forced to complete from wherever he stopped. In relation to this, other students think that the class representative may be working hand in hand with the instructor so that he can receive extra points especially in most difficult courses (Watkins, 2015 p. 54). Moreover, it is only fair to establish a fair and level learning ground to all students regardless of the differences in between. Conclusion In conclusion, to this point of the study, it has successfully been established that group discussions have both demerits and benefits depending with the perspective of the researcher. For instance, in an instructors point of view, he only sees that he is encouraging the learners to embrace other new methods of learning. On the other end, student feel like group discussions are a safe way that lecturers use to avoid the concepts of complex topics of the various courses of each learning session. To sum it all up, the objectives of group discussions need to be revisited. Bibliography Burke, W. (2015). Organization Development. UK: FT Press Hillyard, C. (2010). University Students attitudes about learning in small groups after participation. New York: Active Learning Publishers. Kurtz, S. (2013). Learning Communication skills in Medicine. New York: AMACOM Olson, M. (2015). An Introduction to Theories of Learning. New York: Psychology Press Watkins, K. (2015). Informal and Incidental Learning at the workplace. Routledge: Routledge Publishers.

Business Continuity and Emergency Planning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Continuity and Emergency Planning. Answer: Introduction: The learning experience I have gone through is an eye-opener in the cybersecurity sector. I have learned several ways which criminals use to carry out injustices to unsuspecting businesses, companies, and individuals. Cybercriminals often use viruses and malware to infiltrate the security and computing systems of business data by stealing, corrupting to suit their pre-planned ill-intentions (Labuschagne and Veerasamy 2013). As such, many businesses are raising the concern of their safety on the internet. Due to increased technological advancement, businesses are embracing use of the internet to streamline operations which in most cases put them at risk of cyber-attack. For example, many businesses are falling victims of extortion management, phishing attacks, and hackling which usually interfere with smooth operations of daily activities (Labuschagne and Veerasamy 2013). In particular, hacking of data systems of a company can paralyze its operations completely. The value of these experiences is very important as it has enabled me to know the techniques used by criminals to propagate cyberattacks. Therefore, through this learning experience, I have acquired basic skills of reducing and preventing cyberattack. For instance, in a situation where an attack takes place, the company can make changes to all default passwords to secure access to the system (Scully 2014). Other valuable experiences include; adjusting and removing administrative rights, and training of staff on the importance of guarding confidential information. Additionally, companies can encourage password rotation to break down security familiarity and consistent identification and application of missing security patches (Jing et al. 2014). How this learning process will be useful to me This learning experience will serve me well in my course by broadening my understanding of information technology sector. Most importantly, techniques used by cybercriminals to steal confidential information and paralyze operations of various organizations management. Moreover, this learning experience has helped me understand and acquire research skills which are often an asset to any learning institution. My program has got a boost as far as deep understanding is concerned. In particular, I have got exposed to more literature, case studies, real-life examples how cyberattack has affected businesses and companies. Those insights have solidified my knowledge base on this program. I am quite more knowledgeable now as compared to when I started the program. From what I learned on challenges associated with a cyber-attack, I intend to specialize in cybersecurity. This has been inspired by attacks on big multinational companies like Google where their Chinese headquarters detected a security breach which revealed that hackers gained access to the main server and stole their intellectual property in 2009 (Tan and Tan 2012). As such, I would like to prevent such attacks in the future. Generally, this learning experience has enabled me to understand that cyberattack can be propagated not only through company computers but also through our smartphones (Labuschagne and Veerasamy 2013). I, therefore, plan to advise friends and families to careful with their phones to prevent theft of confidential information. It is also important to avoid using personal phones in accessing company servers as this makes is prone to attack. Objective description of what happened in the learning process The learning process began by coming up with the research topic. After wide consultation with my instructor, I settled on, "challenges in cybersecurity for businesses." I was concerned with the fact that both small and multinational companies are experiencing problems associated with cyber-attacks which lead to loss of revenue and confidential information. After reading a lot of literature on various companies that faced cyber-attacks and combining with the course materials, I specified my objectives for the study. The primary objective of the study being, to describe the effects of cybersecurity for both small and large business enterprises. Further, since cybersecurity is quite broad, I did set boundaries of my study. In particular, I settled on challenges in cybersecurity for companies' operations. Consequently, I consulted various pieces of literature which solidified my objectives that cybersecurity is a problem to small and big business. In the process of my research, I read that challenges in cybersecurity are propagated through data breaches, cloud computing, hacking, social networks, and mobile devices (Kim, Wang, and Ullrich 2012). Nevertheless, I read on mitigation strategies to these challenges, for example, using passwords to access organizational systems management (Scully 2014). Furthermore, I designed the research methodologies what would guide sample size and population, research design, data collection and analysis and even set my research schedule to guide my study. Evaluation of what I learned Business research techniques have been helpful in the process of this study. In particular, I learned how to frame my research topic o be simple, clear, and understandable. Moreover, when it came to designing the objectives, I learned of the primary objective, which is the core of the research topic and secondary objectives which helped me not to deviate from the main course of my research (Cooper, Schindler, and Sun 2006). More often, many researchers tend to deviate from the main topic of study and include things that tend to be general. Fortunately, through the help of business research guidelines, I designed clear and simple research questions that limited my parameters of study which helped me stay focused on the topics. Furthermore, owing to the various research designs, I chose the right approach of this study, which makes it valid in the academic arena. I also learned of many data collection and analysis techniques but settled on the most appropriate courtesy on insights learned on business research. For instance, I chose qualitative approach since it requires a small sample from the cybersecurity of businesses to represent the whole or the entire population is small (Cooper, Schindler, and Sun 2006). As such, skills from business research led to the successful completion of this study. From this research process on challenges of cybersecurity for businesses, I learned how identity theft can damage a reputation of a company or an individual. In many cases, individuals have committed suicide, and companies close down because of a cyber-attack. For example, Monica Lewinsky has explained how cyberattack cost her privacy to the extent she felt like committing suicide (Williams and Delli Carpini 2000). Notably, small and big businesses have fallen prey of cyber-attacks. Broadly, in American politics, there was alleged hacking of the presidential elections which shows how cyber-attacks can be very detrimental to our lives. Therefore, these injustices formed my hypothesis that cyber-attacks affect both small and big business operations. Nonetheless, I focused on businesses since they influence our economy and the well-being of the society. Large companies like Google have been affected by cyber-attacks which often result in loss of confidential information and consequently the destruction of businesses (Tan and Tan 2012). Therefore, this learning process is important to the academic and business communities globally. A plan of how I will apply what I have learned Lessons learned from this research will form the basis of pursuing further career opportunities. Most businesses and organizations are embracing technology which put their operations and data at the mercy of cyber attackers. Intrinsically, I am tempted to pursue a career in cybersecurity to offer preventive and protective technologies to the business community, more so the small businesses. Even before enrolling for cybersecurity program, I can now sensitize my friends, families, and small businesses on the importance of taking measures to protect their data such as using passwords. This will to some extent help people especially, with the growing number of people using smartphones to conduct business. Considering the fact that I aspire to have my own company, I am now convinced on the right company to set up. Cybersecurity Solutions Company. I must say that through this research study, I have identified more business opportunities which can help solve businesses challenges in the community. Most small businesses believe that cybersecurity strategies are very expensive and thus opt to operate without taking such precautions (Prince and King 2012). As such, I will take an initiative of offering effective low-cost solutions to small businesses. References Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. and Sun, J., 2006.Business research methods(Vol. 9). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A.V., Wan, J., Lu, J. and Qiu, D., 2014. Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), pp.2481-2501. Kim, S.H., Wang, Q.H. and Ullrich, J.B., 2012. A comparative study of cyberattacks.Communications of the ACM,55(3), pp.66-73. Labuschagne, W.A. and Veerasamy, N., 2013, July. Dangers of Social Networking Sites?the Propagation of Malware. InProceedings of the 12th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security: ECIW 2013(p. 173). Academic Conferences Limited. Prince, D. and King, N., 2012. Small Business Cyber Security Survey 2012. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom.Journal of business continuity emergency planning,7(2), pp.138-148. Tan, J. and Tan, A.E., 2012. Business under threat, technology under attack, ethics under fire: The experience of Google in China.Journal of business ethics,110(4), pp.469-479. Williams, B.A. and Delli Carpini, M.X., 2000. Unchained reaction: The collapse of media gatekeeping and the ClintonLewinsky scandal.Journalism,1(1), pp.61-85.

New Trade Theory Paul Krugmans Contributions Essay Example

New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions Paper Paul Robin Krugman,  born February 28, 1953 is an American  economist, Professor of Economics and International Affairs at the  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs  at  Princeton University, Centenary Professor at the  London School of Economics, and an  op-ed  columnist  for  The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman won the  Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics  for his contributions to  New Trade Theory  and New Economic Geography. He was voted sixth in a 2005 global poll of the worlds top 100 intellectuals by  Prospect. According to the Nobel Prize Committee, the prize was given for Krugmans work explaining the patterns of  international trade  and the geographic concentration of wealth, by examining the impact of  economies of scale  and of consumer preferences for diverse goods and services. Krugman is known in academia for his work on  international economics  (including trade theory, economic geography, and international finance),  liquidity traps and currency crises. According to the  IDEAS/RePEc  rankings, he is among the thirteen most widely cited economists in the world today. As of 2008, Krugman has written 20 books and has published over 200 scholarly articles in professional journals and edited volumes. He has also written more than 750 columns dealing with current economic and political issues for  The New York Times. Krugmans  International Economics: Theory and Policy, co-authored with  Maurice Obstfeld, is a standard college  textbook  on international economics. He also writes on political and economic topics for the general public, as well as on topics ranging from  income distribution  to international economics. We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Krugman considers himself a  liberal, calling one of his books and his  New York Times  blog â€Å"The Conscience of a Liberal†. INTERNATIONAL TRADE International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. HISTORY OF TRADE THEORIES 1) BARTER: It was the earliest form of trade. When human beings started agriculture it was only to fulfil their needs. However they started creating a surplus of the farm product they were farming. They were faced with the question: â€Å"What to do with the excess products? † Then they soon realized that other farmers who produced other products were also producing it in excess. To have the best of both sides, the farmers exchanged their farm products and this gave rise to the system of barter. As time passed and with the discovery of money (gold coins) this system of exchange of goods became less prominent. As the imperial society became developed and Kings becoming ruler of the land, it led to another system of trade i. e. Mercantilism. 2) MERCANTILISM Mercantilism is like a communist type of economy. The King is responsible for deciding which goods are to be traded and where. The imperial ruler would conquer lands and establish their colony and trade over there. Example- England, France, Portugal, Spain etc. Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable. Economic assets (or capital) are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports). The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of subsidies and tariffs respectively. Mercantilism, which reached its height in the Europe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was a system which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power, as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favoured by the state. Academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century, especially in England, in light of the arguments of Adam Smith and the classical economists which  brought  Ã‚   about  ideas  of  free trade as an alternative system. Mercantilism never returned to popularity among economists as the principle Comparative Advantage shows the gains from international trade. 3) ADAM SMITH Adam Smith is known world over as the world’s first free-market capitalist and the father of modern economics. He also popularized what is known today as ‘classical economics’. Laissez-faire and the idea that an ‘invisible hand’ guides ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ are the key ideas Smith’s writing is responsible for promoting. These ideas reflect the concept that each person, by looking out for him- or herself, inadvertently helps to create the best outcome for all. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we can expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest, Smith wrote. By selling products that people want to buy, the butcher, brewer and baker hope to make money. If they are effective in meeting the needs of their customers, they will enjoy the financial rewards. While they are engaging in their enterprises for the purpose of earning money, they are also providing products that people want. Such a system, Smith argued, creates wealth not just for the butcher, brewer and baker, but for the nation as whole when that nation is populated with citizens working productively to better themselves and address their financial needs. Adam Smith is also credited for writing the ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’, a massive work of 2 volumes divided into 5 books. The ideas it promoted generated international attention and helped to drive the move from land-based wealth to wealth created by assembly-line production methods driven by division of labour. The reason for the successful acceptance of Adam Smith’s Theory of free trade without government interference was that the traders were tired of working with the sovereign. They made a lot of losses and found it much better to trade without any interference. As a result they earned a lot of profits and this trade model became well established. Still till today Adam Smith’s trade theory is being used. It is the fundamental basis of many trade theories. Poverty which was not being removed by this theory was the main drawback of it. 4) DAVID RICARDO’S THEORY OF COMPARATIVE EDGE: David Ricardo’s theory was very simple. If there are two countries trading then the two of them will trade in such a way: If country A specializes in industrial sector and country B specializes in agricultural sector then country A will concentrate more on its industrial sector rather than its agricultural sector. Similarly country B will concentrate on its agricultural sector rather than its industrial sector. Thus country A will export its industrial products to country B and country B will export its agricultural products to country A. Example-Japan being a small island and having a good infrastructure concentrates on it automobile industry while it depends on neighbouring South East Asian countries for most of the agricultural goods. 5) HECKSHER-OHLIN MODEL The Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model) is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. The theory expands David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factor(s) of production and import products that utilize the countries scarce factor(s). The model instead of using the words of â€Å"specialization of country† uses the â€Å"concept of labour and capital of a country† to expand the simple model of David Ricardo. Assumptions of Heckscher-Ohlin Model The Heckscher-Ohlin model is based on the following assumptions: †¢ Countries involved in international trade differ in terms of factor abundance. One country needs to be labor-abundant and the other country being capital-abundant. †¢ Commodities can be categorized in terms of factor intensity. One commodity is labor-intensive and the other commodity is capital-intensive. This in turn implies that there is no possibility of factor intensity reversal. †¢ Both the countries involved in trade use same production technology and identical ranking of factor intensity of commodities. †¢ Both countries are assumed to have identical demand conditions. †¢ Production is carried out as per the CRS production function. †¢ Perfect competition persists in both countries. Open trade or free trade policy is followed in both the countries. In simple words Hecksher-Ohlin say that the capital-abundant country will export capital-intensive commodity and import labour-intensive commodity and the labour-abundant country will export labour-intensive commodity and import capital-intensive commodity. Hecksher-Ohlin till Paul Kru gman’s NTT was the most accepted trade theory. But it had taken many assumptions and hence was also criticized. The Hecksher-Ohlin model also won a Nobel Prize. Example- Bangladesh has a lot of labour and hence produces garments which require more labour. India with respect to Bangladesh has more capital in the ‘small car’ industry and hence exports cars to Bangladesh which in turn exports garments to India. SHORT COMINGS OF HECKSHER-OHLIN MODEL Even though the model was one of the widely accepted trade model, it still failed to explain many phenomena: 1. China did not follow a free trade policy, yet it was developing and growing very fast. 2. Even though Bangladesh exported garments to India, India itself was able to export its garments made to other countries. 3. Germany although had BMW, Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz to make cars, yet it imported cars from Renault in France. 4. America even though it had Ford still imported cars of Toyota and Honda from Japan. 5. England even though it did not grow cotton was one of the biggest producers of cloth. These were some of the questions that Hecksher-Ohlin and any other trade models could not answer. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT NEW TRADE THEORY To explain these phenomena and to remove the assumptions, the economists of the world tried to make a new theory. This theory was called New Trade Theory. All Paul Krugman did not play a part in the initial forming of the theory, but in 1979 his paper made the most significant and valuable contribution with respect to the NTT. Hence it is now a days called Paul Krugman’s New Trade Theory. Concept: New Trade Theory (NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New Trade Theory is the economic critique of international free trade from the perspective of increasing returns to scale and the network effect. Some economists have asked whether it might be effective for a nation to shelter infant industries until they had grown to sufficient size to compete internationally. New Trade theorists challenge the assumption of diminishing returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market (via a Network effect). They wondered whether free trade would have prevented the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s, when quotas and regulations prevented import competition. Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90 percent of parts domestically within five years. It is said that the short-term hardship of Japanese consumers (who were unable to buy the superior vehicles produced by the world market) was more than compensated for by the long-term benefits to producers, who gained time to out-compete their international rivals. New Trade theorists relaxed the assumption of constant returns to scale. It used protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries and then allowed those sectors to dominate the world market. CONTRIBUTION OF PAUL KRUGMAN IN NTT(BRIEF) In brief : In the Krugman model, every firm is the same, though they each produce different products. Models with heterogeneous firms really didnt take off in the field until recently. Essentially the theory contends that there are increasing, rather than decreasing returns to scale. We observe this all the time with technology products where the so-called network effect creates larger returns as the network gets larger. It is sometimes used as a justification for protecting developing industries from competition on grounds that once those industries have reached a takeover mass, the returns will be larger than if they had to develop in a competitive environment. Now, moving on to explain the Old trade theory, we can say that it is what we probably learned when we took to introduce economics. Countries are different – they have different levels of productivity in particular industries, they have different resources, and those differences drive trade. Tropical countries grow and export bananas, temperate countries grow and export wheat. Countries with highly educated workers export high-tech goods, countries with less educated workers export shirts and pyjamas. The new trade theory starts with the observation that while this explains a lot of world trade, it also misses a lot. France and Germany sell lots of stuff to each other, even though they have similar climates and resources; so do the United States and Canada. The answer is that there are many goods that aren’t like wheat or bananas, but are instead likewide-bodied jet aircraft. There are, enormous economies of scale – you only want a couple of factories worldwide. Those factories have to be somewhere,and those countries that get the factories export jets, while everyone else imports them. But who gets the aircraft factories, or the factory producing a specialized kind of machine tool? This is explained by new trade theory –There are many economies-of-scale goods; everyone gets some of them; and the details, which may be largely a story of historical accident, aren’t important. What matters, instead, is the overall pattern of trade: the broad pattern of what countries produce is determined by things like resources and climate, but there’s a lot of additional specialization due to economies of scale, and there’s much more trade, especially between similar countries, than from a purely resource-based theory. All this seems obvious, and it is still obvious, but it was totally not obvious before 1980 or so, except for some prescient quotes from Paul Samuelson. The two main things that Paul Krugman pointed out in his paper were: a. Consumers want diverse choice of products. b. Production favours economies of scale. These two were the main basis on which the problems of the Hecksher-Ohlin model were explained. In the next two chapters we will see the role of these two points in detail. CONSUMERS WANT DIVERSE CHOICE The first question that the old theories failed to answer was that why countries who specialize in one product export it as well as import it. To explain this Paul Krugman gave the reason of consumer choice. He tells us that the consumer wants choice. the taste and preference of different consumers is different. To fulfil this choice the countries had to import certain goods even though it was well efficient in producing the same product. Let us understand this theory of Paul Krugman using examples: 1. America has Ford which is well efficient in making good cars. However Japan also exports cars to the US. The reason is that not all people of the US want the cars made by Ford. Even though the pricing and technology of both cars of Ford and that of Japan are same, people still buy both cars of Japan as well as US, 2. The same is the case in Japan and Germany. Inspite of having the best automobile industry both Japan and Germany also import cars. 3. France is a wine loving nation and hence it produces wine only. However some people also like beer, so to cater to them, France has to import Beer from Germany. However France also imports Beer from England. This is done because people want choice. 4. In, India we have Colgate which is one of the world’s biggest brands, yet there is scope for small companies like Amar and Babool. This is because people have different tastes and they want choices to choose from. 5. India is self sufficient in clothes making, yet we still import clothes. A person wearing an expensive Nike shoe also wears a cheap Bata shoe because of his liking. 6. India imports apples from New Zealand inspite us having the apples of Kashmir an Himachal. These Indian apples are themselves exported to other country which proves that consumer’s choice is an important factor in trade. 7. Hitachi and Onida air-conditioners use a same compressor built by Hitachi but the consumers of Hitachi and Onida are very different. Thus looking at these examples we can say that Germany imports cars from France only because the people of Germany want a diverse choice. This looks simple but it took a lot of time for Paul Krugman to develop. Thus the question why do countries who export one product also import the same is answered. The diverse choice of consumers is very helpful for everyone. Due to this choice the domestic consumer always has competition not only of other domestic companies but also of international companies. As a result the consumers as benefited greatly. The resources are used efficiently and new technology helps in making better products. PRODUCTION FAVOURS ECONOMIES OF SCALE Before we go further and explain this, we must 1st understand the concept of economies of scale. Economies of scale: The ‘economies of scale’ investing high capital to make a big production factory. The main objective is to make such a production centre that it behaves like a monopoly. The production capacity of such a place is very high. Production favours economies of scale: Paul Krugman says that production will be highest where input i. e. capital, technology and labour is high. To understand what he says we must 1st look at some examples: The question what he answered was that why when England had no cotton, it still was the capital for cloth. It also answers the question that why China and Japan grow so fast. Paul Krugman tells us that building an economies of scale is the reason why Japan and China grew so fast. He explains that when a place is made as a centre of production, the company benefits a lot. This is because the capital invested for higher production is much less that the total capital that would have been used to invest in factories at different locations for producing the same amount of product. This means that instead of having many factories one should just invest in one factory and thus save a lot on capital. The cost of freight is less than cost of land. Also making multiple factories of small scale would take a lot of time. Governments take initiative in some major industries and set up resources to build an economy of scale. Boeing and Airbus were created as a result of this. The English invested a lot of capital at Manchester in the textile industry. Thus even thought they did not grow any cotton, they still using their machines and technology make more cloth than any other country. Embraer the small jet company of Brazil whose jets are in so much demand was as a result of the support of the Brazilian government who set up an economy of scale for them. Jamnagar is still today the World’s Largest Refinery because Dhirubhai Ambani created a monopoly by investing huge capitals at one place and thus it was one of India’s 1st economy of scale. Maruti the Indian Car company was set up to cater the needs of Indians. A lot of investment was made for this. Today this small car manufacturer not only caters the Indian consumers but also exports to other countries. Coimbatore and Ludhiana are today the garment manufacturers of India because an economy of scale has been created at these two centers. Bangalore is the IT capital because an economy of scale (labour i. e. IT engineers) is available there. Anand is the milk capital of India because it is another form of economy of scale. Thus Paul Krugman said that production favours economies of scale. He further adds that government should take measure to reduce freight costs by building roads. He also tells that government should subsidize exports which will in turn increase production exports and there after growth. This theorem was the basis for growth in China and Japan. Japan: Japan from 1950s started investing high capitals in infrastructure and establishment of industries. Being a small group of islands, they were forced to make small centres of production with high capabilities. Thus this resulted in tremendous production and thus they exported goods to register high growth and become an economic super power. The freight rate was reduced as the government had built millions of kilometres of roads and tracks. The ports of Japan are also well developed. Thus by making economies of scale Japan became a super power. China: To become a super power economically, China started to open it s markets for trade. They invested a lot along the costal line and at Shanghai and Beijing. Thus centres of productions were created at scattered places. Thus even though development was not uniform economies of scale of different industries were created. Each village creates different products in China. The speciality of this is that each village produces only one unique product. One village produces socks only while another produces pants only. Haer which is the world leader in switch boards was 1st established to cater the Chinese domestic market. However the capacity of production at that one factory was so high that today Haer does not only cater the domestic market but also exports world over. This is the reason why China grew so much. This is also the reason why China is the world’s biggest exporter. They invested a lot of money at one single place which could produce a lot and thus they became a superpower. Thus Paul Krugman has rightly explained by giving the theorem â€Å"Production favours economies of scales† the reason why China and Japan are today economic super powers and why England is the largest producer of cloth. APPLICABILITY IN INDIA The framers of the economic and industrial policies of China and Japan have used NTT trade model to establish economies of scale to become the world’s biggest exporters and become economical super powers. Automobile companies of Japan, US, Germany are constantly researching and trying to bring innovative features to their cars. Right now these companies are in competition to make more fuel efficient and eco friendly occurs. Thus importing even when you are a major exporter of that product is now a good thing which is helping the environment. Toyota Prius will be soon imported in India. This will make companies like Honda to bring their own versions of hybrid cars. The competition will result in drop in price of Prius from an expensive 27 lakhs. NTT has also affected policies of other countries. Just as Japan and China have become economic super powers, similarly India can become superpower using policies that are derived from NTT. In the textile industry we have already established two economies of scale. However we need to create more economies of scale. TATA motors today has more than3 factories India, but its production capacity is much less than that of any of Maruti’s factory. More incentive and subsidies need to be given in India to establish more economies of scale. These economies of scale will in turn reduce capital wastage and increase production to increase economic growth. Our export capacity will also increase. To facilitate this growth the Indian Government will have to reduce freight cost by investing in transportation(roads, ports, railways). Also to increase exports the government will have to subsidise exports. The Chinese government have subsidised exports by 30%. The same products available in China are more expensive than that abroad. This was the sacrifice the Chinese people had to make for economic growth. Also imports on certain goods should be subsidised. Example- Hybrid cars This will in turn result in healthy competition and as the above example shows will result in benefit not only for country but also the worlds. There are only two drawbacks of having a NTT centred policy: 1) Growth and development will be scattered. Thus the benefits of this will not be got by all. In a country with India where the gap between village and city is already large such a policy will have to be implemented very carefully. Also investment of high capitals can get wasted in a corrupt country like ours. 2) Many companies will not be able to compete with the imported goods. This will result in loss and unemployment. Thus the government has to be careful and should also import technology when importing goods. The India government should use a NTT based policy to fulfil the goal of becoming a superpower in 2020 but will have to also make new schemes to achieve the goal of eradicating poverty by 2014. CONCLUSION The contributions of Paul Krugman are immense to developing this new trade theory. It can be said that Paul Krugman gave the heart and soul to the New Trade Theory. The New Trade Theory of Paul Krugman explains most of the problems of old theories and using it would amount to tremendous economic growth as observed in Japan and China. Paul Krugman’s theory is very good and its criticism is very less because it has very less drawbacks. The NTT is like Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and it has already brought a revolution. However one must remember the two drawbacks of having such a policy and proceed with caution. The positives of NTT are great but it has two big negatives which become even bigger in our country and so we must proceed with caution. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Referred: †¢ Samuelson Paul Nordhaus William, Economics, 19th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin †¢ Krugman Paul, Strategic Trade Policy and The New International Economics, MIT Press †¢ Mankiw N. Gregory, Principles of Economics, South Western College †¢ Krugman Paul Obstfeld Maurice, International Economics: Theory Policy, 6th Edition, Addison Wesley †¢ Krugman Paul, Rethinking International Trade, 6th Edition, The MIT Press